Objective To explore the clinical effect of dental prosthesis on masticatory function and satisfaction of patients with congenital missing teeth. Methods A total of 102 patients with congenital missing teeth admitted to our hospital from January to December 2021 were selected as the research objects. They were divided into control group and observation group by random number table method, with 51 patients in each group. The control group received routine orthodontic treatment, and the observation group received routine orthodontic treatment+dental prosthesis. The recovery effect, language function, masticatory function, adverse conditions, comfort, satisfaction and quality of life were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of recovery in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The scores of language function and chewing function in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The comfort score of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The scores of satisfaction and quality of life in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Orthodontic treatment combined with dental prosthesis for patients with congenital missing teeth can enhance the language function and masticatory function of patients, improve the quality of life, comfort and satisfaction of patients, and prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions.