Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of dental implant prosthesis in patients with dentition loss and its influence on aesthetics degree and comfort degree. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 100 patients with dentition loss admitted to our hospital from January 2021 to June 2022. According to different treatment methods, they were divided into control group and observation group, with 50 patients in each group. The control group was treated with denture fixed repair, and the observation group was treated with dental implant prosthesis. The clinical effective, aesthetics degree [red aesthetics score (PES) and white aesthetics score (WES)] and comfort degree before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of the observation group was 98.00%, which was higher than 86.00% of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of PES and WES in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The comfort degree of the observation group was 96.00%, which was higher than 82.00% of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Dental implant prosthesis for patients with dentition loss can effectively improve the overall treatment effect and improve their aesthetics and comfort, which is worthy of clinical application.