Objective To investigate the effect of bone augmentation technique on the reconstruction of severe alveolar bone defects. Methods A total of 49 patients with severe alveolar bone defects admitted to the outpatient department of stomatology of our hospital from March 2018 to March 2022 were selected as the research objects. According to the results of full-mouth curved X-ray tomography and cone-beam CT, the types of alveolar bone defects were determined, and the corresponding bone augmentation techniques were implemented for different types of defects. The effect of bone graft repair of alveolar bone defect was evaluated by Enemark grading method. The improvement of tooth mobility and the satisfaction of patients with repair effect were statistically analyzed. Results The survival rate of bone graft in 49 patients with severe alveolar bone defect was 97.96%, and the success rate of bone graft was 91.84%. After treatment, the proportion of physiological loosening was higher than that before treatment, and the proportion of Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅳ degrees of loosening was lower than that before treatment (P <0.05). Patient satisfaction was 95.92%. Conclusion According to the type of alveolar bone defect and corresponding bone augmentation technology, the implementation of alveolar bone reconstruction and composite implant treatment for patients can improve the survival rate and success rate of bone grafting, alleviate tooth loosening, improve tooth function. Meanwhile, the treatment effect is ideal and has high clinical application value.