Objective To investigate the effect of root canal filling on the recovery and pain of patients with dental pulp disease. Methods A total of 94 patients with dental pulp disease admitted to the Department of Stomatology of our hospital from April 2021 to June 2022 were selected as the research objects. They were divided into control group and observation group by random number table method, with 47 patients in each group. The control group received super-root canal filling treatment, and the observation group received appropriate root canal filling treatment. The clinical efficacy, masticatory function, pain degree and quality of life were compared between the two groups. Results The total effective rate of treatment in the observation group was 97.87%, which was higher than 85.11% in the control group (P <0.05). After treatment, the gingival index, masticatory efficiency and bite force of the two groups were better than those before treatment, and those in the observation group were better than those in the control group (P <0.05). The VAS score of the two groups at 5 and 10 days after treatment was lower than that before treatment, and that in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P <0.05). After treatment, the scores of social function, physical function, material life state and psychological function in the two groups were higher than those before treatment, and those in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion Appropriate root canal filling treatment can improve the treatment effect of patients with dental pulp disease, effectively improve their masticatory function, and reduce the pain of patients, which is conducive to improving their quality of life.