Pediatric eczema is a common skin disease in children, causing significant distress to both children and their families. In order to better understand the pathogenesis of pediatric eczema and find effective treatment methods, the Chinese and Western medical community has been committed to in-depth research on its etiology and pathogenesis. Traditional Chinese medicine mainly focuses on the effects of factors such as dampness, phlegm dampness, and yang deficiency and yin excess on eczema, as well as the relationship between spleen and stomach function, qi and blood imbalance, and eczema. Traditional Chinese medicine treatment and therapy with syndrome differentiation have become the focus of research on etiology and pathogenesis. Western medicine focuses on the correlation between eczema and the immune system, skin barrier function, as well as the environment and lifestyle. Immune related genes, immune cells, and allergic reactions are considered closely related to eczema, and skin barrier dysfunction and epidermal cell abnormalities are also considered important factors in the occurrence of eczema. However, the limitations of a single disciplinary perspective and methodology make the study of the etiology and pathogenesis of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine important. The common points of traditional Chinese and Western medicine, such as the connection between damp heat and qi blood imbalance concepts, as well as the interaction between the immune system and the skin barrier, provide new ideas for comprehensive treatment. The combination of Chinese and Western medicine and the adjustment of diet and lifestyle have shown broad application prospects in comprehensive treatment. This article reviews the research on the etiology and pathogenesis of pediatric eczema in traditional Chinese medicine, the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of infantile eczema with different traditional Chinese medicine syndromes, and the etiology and pathogenesis of western medicine.