Objective To investigate the efficacy of orthodontic treatment in adolescents and its related influencing factors. Methods A total of 80 adolescent orthodontic patients who were treated in our hospital from May 2020 to May 2022 were enrolled. The therapeutic effect of the patients was judged according to the PAR index. Univariate and multivariate stepwise Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of adolescent orthodontic efficacy. Results Among the 80 adolescent patients receiving orthodontic treatment, there were 14 recurrent patients and 66 non-recurrent patients. Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in malocclusion type, treatment type, retainer type, retainer wearing time and retainer discontinuation time between the recurrence group and the non-recurrence group (P <0.05). Multivariate stepwise Logistic regression analysis showed that the type of malocclusion, the type of retainer and the time of wearing retainer were the risk factors affecting the orthodontic efficacy of adolescent orthodontic patients (P <0.05). Conclusion Orthodontic treatment can effectively improve the oral health of adolescent patients, but it is necessary to pay attention to factors such as the type of malocclusion, the type of retainer and the time of wearing the retainer during treatment. These factors will directly affect the treatment effect and easily cause recurrence.