Objective To explore the effect of implant-supported overdenture and complete denture on the repair effect and aesthetic effect of patients with dentition loss. Methods A total of 100 patients with dentition loss admitted to our hospital from May 2022 to May 2023 were selected as the research objects. They were divided into reference group and experimental group by random number table method, with 50 patients in each group. The reference group was treated with complete denture, and the experimental group was treated with implant-supported overdenture. Alveolar ridge absorption, the retention effect of denture, oral health and repair satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results The absorption of alveolar ridge in the anterior and posterior teeth of the experimental group was less than that of the reference group, the difference were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the excellent and good rate of denture retention between the two groups (P>0.05). The postoperative OHIP-14 scores of the two groups were lower than those of the control group, and those of the experimental group were lower than those of the reference group, the difference were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in the scores of retention function, masticatory function, comfort and speech function between the two groups (P>0.05), but the aesthetic score of the experimental group was higher than that of the reference group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion For patients with dentition loss, implant-supported overdenture and complete denture can effectively retain the denture, improve the oral function and oral health of patients, so as to improve the comfort of patients. However, compared with complete denture repair, implant-supported overdenture treatment is more conducive to the reduction of alveolar bone resorption, with higher aesthetic degree of teeth after operation.