Objective To study the effect of the application of chairside management training mode in dental resident physician. Methods A total of 56 resident physician who participated in training in the Department of Stomatology of Affiliated Stomatological Hospital from January to March 2023 were selected as the research objects. They were divided into control group and observation group by random number table method, with 28 resident physician in each group. The control group adopted the traditional training mode, and the observation group adopted the chairside management training mode. The examination results, training satisfaction, preparation time of diagnosis and treatment items, and the incidence of problems related to the diagnosis and treatment process were compared between the two groups. Results The scores of theoretical examination, pathological analysis, clinical skills, discussion and speech, and teamwork ability in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P <0.05). The training satisfaction of the observation group was 96.43%, which was higher than 82.14% of the control group (P <0.05). The preparation time of dental filling materials, the operation time of root canal therapy and the preparation time of intraoperative supplements in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group (P <0.05). The incidence of communication, practical operation, medical safety, cross infection prevention and control, and medical device use problems in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion The application effect of chairside management training mode in resident physician in stomatology department is accurate, which can promote the improvement of oral training effect, reduce the incidence of related adverse problems, and improve training satisfaction and clinical work efficiency.