Objective To explore the effect of light-curing composite resin on dental aesthetics in patients undergoing aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth. Methods A total of 60 patients undergoing aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth admitted to the Department of Oral Internal Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital from June 2023 to June 2024 were selected as the research subjects, and they were divided into the control group and the observation group by the random number table method, with 30 patients in each group. The control group was treated with metal-ceramic crown restoration, and the observation group was treated with light-curing composite resin restoration. The dental aesthetics, restoration effect, periodontal indicators and masticatory efficiency were compared between the two groups. Results The proportions of Grade A in restoration integrity, marginal adaptation and color matching of the observation group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group (93.33%) was higher than that of the control group (66.67%) (P<0.05). The scores of PLI, GI and SBI in the observation group after treatment were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The masticatory efficiency of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion Light-curing composite resin has an ideal clinical effect in aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth, which improves dental aesthetics and periodontal conditions, thereby effectively enhancing masticatory function.