As the main method of dentition defect and loss restoration, dental implant restoration depends on the formation and maintenance of stable osseointegration between implant and surrounding bone tissue for a long time. The aim of this paper is to discuss the effects of different materials such as titanium, zirconium oxide and polyetheretherketone on implant osseointegration, the effects of different surface modification techniques including biological coating and morphological modification on implant osseointegration stability, and the effects of bacterial infection, signal pathway and inflammatory cytokines in the microenvironment around implants, as well as the regulatory mechanism of bone metabolic balance on implant osseointegration from the perspective of bone immunology.