Clinically, oral bone defects are commonly caused by periapical disease, periodontitis, and post-extraction alveolar ridge atrophy, leading to soft tissue collapse, alveolar ridge resorption, and tooth mobility, which severely impair oral function and aesthetics. Deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), as the gold standard for xenograft bone substitutes, has accumulated substantial evidence-based data. Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) has attracted considerable attention due to its comparable efficacy to DBBM in terms of new bone formation. However, stratified evidence regarding the optimal HA/β-TCP ratio for different types of bone defects remains insufficient, and long-term follow-up data as well as clear indications for various clinical scenarios are still needed. In view of this, this article systematically reviews the material differences between the two and aligns the efficacy evidence according to defect type, aiming to provide a reference for precise material selection in clinical practice.