Objective To analyze the effect of resin layered aesthetic restoration on dental aesthetic score of patients with anterior tooth defect caused by trauma. Methods A total of 62 patients with anterior tooth defect caused by trauma admitted to Jinsha People's Hospital from March 2024 to March 2026 were selected, and they were divided into the conventional group and the experimental group by the random number table method, with 31 patients in each group. The conventional group received traditional composite resin filling and restoration, and the experimental group received resin layered aesthetic restoration. The dental aesthetic score, restoration effect, periodontal health indicators, tooth mobility and complication rate were compared between the two groups. Results The dental aesthetic score of the experimental group at 6 months after treatment was higher than that of the conventional group (P<0.05). The total effective rate of restoration in the experimental group (96.77%) was higher than that in the conventional group (80.65%) (P<0.05). The gingival index and plaque index of the experimental group at 6 months after treatment were lower than those of the conventional group (P<0.05). The tooth mobility of the experimental group was better than that of the conventional group (P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the experimental group (3.23%) was lower than that in the conventional group (19.35%) (P<0.05). Conclusion For patients with anterior tooth defect caused by trauma, resin layered aesthetic restoration can improve the restoration effect and dental aesthetics, improve periodontal health conditions, and reduce the incidence of complications, with high clinical application value.