Objective To analyze the effect of interim denture restoration on oral health indicators and aesthetic satisfaction in patients with dentition defect. Methods A total of 40 patients with dentition defect treated in the Department of Stomatology, Shizhong District Jingfang Zhongfu Dental Clinic from April 2024 to August 2025 were selected, and they were divided into the control group and the observation group by the random number table method, with 20 patients in each group. The control group received traditional ffxed denture restoration, and the observation group received interim denture restoration. The masticatory efffciency, oral health indicators, aesthetic satisfaction, quality of life and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results The masticatory efffciency of the observation group after treatment was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The gingival index, periodontal pocket depth and alveolar bone resorption volume of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). The aesthetic satisfaction rate of the observation group (100.00%) was higher than that of the control group (70.00%) (P<0.05). The scores of all dimensions of quality of life in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group (5.00%) was lower than that in the control group (55.00%) (P<0.05). Conclusion Interim denture restoration for patients with dentition defect can effectively optimize oral health indicators, improve aesthetic satisfaction, improve masticatory efffciency and quality of life, and reduce the risk of adverse reactions.