As a natural polysaccharide, dextran has gradually become an important carrier for the innovation of medical aesthetic materials by virtue of its excellent biocompatibility, adjustable physicochemical properties and multimodal functions. This paper systematically reviews the scientific advantages of dextran in terms of biosafety, tissue integration, aesthetic adaptability and longterm safety, and focuses on analyzing its molecular modification strategies and clinical translation paths. Based on a comprehensive summary of existing research findings, this paper deeply discusses the application prospects of dextran in the field of medical aesthetics and looks into its future development directions, aiming to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the optimization and clinical application of relevant treatment regimens in medical aesthetics.